I'm always looking for new keyboard shortcuts when it comes to graphics so I figured that I would make a thread for those who don't necessarily have the time to figure them out on their own.
I know this is not a complete list. These are just the ones that I know and can think of off the top of my head
CTL + J - Duplicate Layer (or if you have an area selected, duplicate selected)
CTL + G - This one's good for vector work. If you've made a rounded corner rectangle, Doing this will "cut off" (visually only...if you move the layer, you'll still have the entire picture) all of the excess. Fantastic for clean lines.
With Vectors and ctl+g,
Without vectors and ctl+g (It's most visible at the top of the circle.) a.k.a. Clipping Mask (I think)
CTL + E - Merge Layers (with layer below)
CTL + Shift + N - New Layer
CTL + ALT + Shift + E - Stamp Visible. Basically takes everything that's visible and makes it into a single layer. Make sure you have a blank layer highlighted when you do this.
CTL + T - Transform
The below are from Erynne
Alt+Shift+U = greyscale/desaturate an image
Ctrl+F = duplicate last effect (Gaussian Blur, Sharpen, whatever)
Ctrl+Shift+E = merge all layers/flatten image
Ctrl+Shift+G = ungroup a layer from those below it
The below are from the wonderful Counting Sheep
[ - decrease brush size
] - increase brush size
Ctrl+Z - Undo
Ctrl+Y - Redo
Ctrl+A - Select All
Ctrl+I - Invert (makes negatives)
Ctrl+X - Cut (works only if something is selected)
Ctrl+C - Copy (ditto)
Ctrl+V - Paste (works only if something is on the clipboard)
Ctrl+N - New, blank canvas
Ctrl+Shift+I - Invert Selection (works only if something is selected)
Ctrl+U - Opens up hue/saturation window
Ctrl+L - Opens up levels window
More to come...