Amegakure [Hidden Rain]

Amegakure is a small hidden village in the Land of Rain. It seems to be a rather loosely knit village, as a fair number of its ninja seem to either be missing-nin or end up as missing-nin. Nothing apart from this is known about it at this point, but it stands to reason that its ninja specialize water-based jutsu. Umbrellas are common weapons used only by them. One can infer from the performance of their ninja that long-range combat and genjutsu are emphasized, as are various breathing aids to allow them full mobility in their element.

Getsugakure [Hidden Moon]

Getsugakure is a hidden village in the Land of the Moon. The country appears briefly on a headband during the Chunin exam. Not much else is yet known about this village.

Iwagakure [Hidden Rock]

Iwagakure is located in the Land of Earth. As one of the five great ninja villages, Iwagakure has a Kage as leader, the Tsuchikage. Little is known about it, but it stands to reason that its ninja specialize in earth-based jutsu. In the past, the village was at war with Konohagakure. A large number of their ninja were slain by Yondaime Hokage, so they are not allies of Konoha.

Kirigakure [Hidden Mist]

Kirigakure is one of the five great hidden villages and is located in the Land of Water. Its leader is the Mizukage. Little is known about Kirigakure, except that its ninja specialize in water-based jutsu. However, it would also seem that many of its ninja wield swords. In the past, the graduation exam for becoming Genin was rather inhumane: students who had been friends, trained together, and ate from the same table, were pitted against one another in fights to the death.

Konohagakure [Hidden Leaf]

Konohagakure, or Konoha for short, is one of the five great ninja villages. As such, it is one of five villages with a Kage as its leader, known as the Hokage. On a mountain overlooking the villages, the faces of every Hokage are carved into the rock. Tsunade, the Fifth Hokage, has her face added sometime during the time skip.

Although Konoha, much like the country in which it resides, has been peaceful for the past twelve years and has grown accustomed to that peace, it remains one of the most powerful villages in existence, with an overall ninja population much greater than that of any other village, and therefore has great military power and influence. In the Chunin exam, out of all 153 Genin participants, Konoha had 87 Leaf Genin trying to become Chunin, whereas all other ninja villages had considerably fewer participating: 30 Sand Genin, 21 Rain Genin, 6 Grass Genin , 6 Waterfall Genin, and 3 Sound Genin. However, Konoha is the village that hosted the event, which possibly contributed to the unbalanced number of participants. The hiragana "an" is painted on the entrance gates of the village (one hiragana/letter on each door). This means hermitage or retreat.

Kumogakure [Hidden Cloud]

Kumogakure is located in the Land of Lightning. As one of the five great Ninja villages, Kumogakure has a Kage as leader, the Raikage. In that past, Konohagakure and Kumogakure were at war, and during peace talks, one of the ninja from this village tried to kidnap Hinata Hyuga, which resulted in an incident that ended with the death of Neji's father. Nothing apart from that is known about it at this point, but it stands to reason that its ninja specialize in lightning-based jutsu.

Kusagakure [Hidden Grass]

Kusagakure is located in the Land of Grass. Nothing apart from that is known about it at this point, but it stands to reason that its ninja specialize in jutsu involving flora or fauna. Judging from the ninja that have hailed from Kusagakure, it can be assumed that this village is far less pleasant than Konohagakure.

Otogakure [Hidden Sound]

Otogakure is Orochimaru's personal village, founded for the express purpose of collecting ninja for his experiments and quest to learn jutsu. Three Sound ninja, under Orochimaru's orders, entered the Chunin Exam with the goal of killing Sasuke Uchiha. However, Orochimaru was actually using them as test subjects for Sasuke's power after Orochimaru gave him the cursed seal. Its ninja used sound-based attacks, using vibration and sound to disrupt the enemy's vision and balance.

Sunagakure [Hidden Sand]

Sunagakure is one of the five great ninja villages, and as such has a Kage, known as the Kazekage, as its leader. With its military forces being scaled down by the Land of Wind's feudal lord, the Fourth Kazekage realized that they had to increase the quality of each ninja to maintain a military force.

As more time passed, the lord started commissioning Konoha with requests he should have been making to Sunagakure. On top of that, he began cutting back on Sunagakure's budget. The Fourth Kazekage realized that if he didn't act quickly, Sunagakure would be in danger of disappearing, so he joined forces with Otogakure in an attempt to destroy Konoha and force the lord to re-establish Sunagakure's military force if he wished for his country to continue existing. With the failure of the attack and the death of the Fourth Kazekage, Sunagakure reallied with Konoha, and Gaara eventually became the Fifth Kazekage.

Takigakure [Hidden Waterfall]

Takigakure is located in the Land of the Waterfall. It is lead by Shibuki, who seems too much of a coward for the job at first. Nothing apart from that is known about it at this point, but its ninja seem to specialize in water-based jutsu. Also, its leader processed a type of water called the Hero Water, which was extracted from a rather old tree. It gives the user ten times their ordinary chakra level; however, the strain of its use can prove fatal.

Information from Wikipedia.